Madan_CCT333_Labs_2011

__**CCT333 Labs 2011**__


 * Tutorial #1 Wiki Question (2 marks):**
 * Due January 10, 2011**

Review the Tutorial 1 movies, and describe Jonathan Ives and his theory of 'undesign' in relation to his work at Macintosh. (200 words)

__**Response:**__

Jonathan Ives was born in London, England and is currently holding the position of Senior Vice President of Industrial Design for the American company Apple. He has been providing his services and his expertise to the company since the year 1992, although he has only been leading the design team since 1998, and is the brain behind most of their innovative and cutting edge designs.

Jonathan Ives’ theory of “undersign” refers to creating user friendly products that not only look friendly but contain all of the relevant features that make the product functional and easy to use. Ives’ achieves this with a simple philosophy, which is to remove everything that is not necessary and complicated; these are always vying for the user’s attention. Ives’ effectively adheres to his strategy by having easy obvious and natural placement of all the parts in his products. His role at apple is not to only design beautiful and innovative products but is alto to create a high standard in user experience through minimalistic design that emphasizes the importance of the useful features that are actually present in the product.

Most of the innovative design that is done by Ives has a pretty simplistic touch to it, an example of this would be the changing the beige box of a MAC computer into a translucent box of various colours. This made owning a MAC computer more fun and was less intimidating for the new users. Then came the 2002 iMAC which has a thin stem, Ives credited this design to be inspired by the design of sunflower, a brilliant example of how he looks towards natural things to inspire his design. Finally as a last example we can see how the new Macbooks have a green power light which is only visible when it needs to be and is undetectable otherwise. Ives logic behind that is that we should not have to think about things that are not being used at the moment and should only have to notice them when they are in use. Overall some brilliant examples on ingenuity which makes the Apple experience just that much better.

** Tutorial #2 Wiki Question: ** **Due January 17, 2011** Choose a country on the map 'Design for the Other 90%' at[| **http://other90.cooperhewitt.org/**] and read through the description of the products designed for each country.

1. Which product interests you the most, and why? (200 words) 2. Which category would interest you to research further for your group project, and why? (100 words)

**__Response: __**

**__1. Which product interests you the most, and why? __**** (200 words) **

All the designs that have been showcased in the website, “Design for the other 90%” have had a profound impact all over the world. The innovations are extremely beneficial for those who need these products, such as the developing nations. The designs in question have a very simplistic layout, but while being designed their functionality are kept in mind. The designers keep Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in mind when designing their products. According to Maslow the most fundamental and basic needs of people must be satisfied first before they can move on to higher needs. So keeping this in mind the designers of the various products on this website try to provide ways in which the basic needs of the people can be received. One of these basic needs is water, clean drinking water. The product that I have chosen to review is the “Lifestraw”. The Lifestraw is an amazing innovation that provides clean drinking water to people in a number of developing countries all over Africa and Asia. This invention prevents a lot of water born diseases such as malaria, cholera, TB, dysentery from entering the body which has been one of the biggest causes of death in both adults and especially infants in developing nations. The design of the life straw was also brilliant as they made it so it’s easy to carry and the parts that are comprised in the lifestraw are reusable and recyclable. This ensures the product has a long life and it reduces the waste it causes. Another thing kept in mind by the designer is the fact that the target demographic can’t afford an expensive product so they made sure it was very cost effective.

**__ 2. Which category would interest you to research further for your group project, and why? __**** (100 words) **
== ** This website with all its creative products is really inspiring and has truly brought out the altruist within me. However in my group project if I would like to develop on one of these ideas I would like the remove, what I feel is, the main hindrance that prevents these countries from attaining their true potential. In this regard I would like to work on removing illiteracy in these countries. With so much innovation in the field of education I’m sure that the gift can be shared with the rest of the world and upon doing so would benefit them greatly. I would go back to what Maslow had to say. Now that people are their taking care of the basic needs of the people in these developing countries let us move forward in satisfying their higher needs. ** ==

** Tutorial #3 Wiki Questions: ** ** Due January 24, 2011 **

// 1. Describe Jan Chipchase's prior job (he now works at frog design [] ) in relation to his work at Nokia. What are the two names he is given in the article? (3 paragraphs) // // 2. “It’s really quite striking,” Hammond says. “What people are voting for with their pocketbooks, as soon as they have more money and even before their basic needs are met, is telecommunications.” (World Resources Institute) // // In the spirit of this quote, describe four instances of how owning a cell phone enables users to better their lives. (4 paragraphs/ one for each instance //// ) //

**__Response:__**

** 1. Describe Jan Chipchase's prior job (he now works at frog design [] ) in relation to his work at Nokia. What are the two names he is given in the article? (3 paragraphs) **

Jan Chipchase's prior job at Nokia as part of the research team, before he worked at Frogdesign. His job at frogdesign is different from his old job at nokia. Frogdesign is a global design and innovation company. Frogdesign takes the data that he collects and tries to create products out of it, which will result in a form of inspiration and have an effect on an individual. His current job takes in elements and aspects of the world that people see around them within their own environment and tries to create an object out of it.

While working for Nokia, he did not have a fixed office because he was traveling around the globe to many third world countries to understand their way of living and the role of cell phones in their lives. The knowledge in which he gained was then reported to Nokia in order to design and create products, which catered to the consumers that were not being reached. Nokia’s researchers send people like Jan Chipchase to understand people’s needs and thereby change their designs for Nokia thus producing a platform with a variety of different models. This is one of the benefits in analyzing and defining their data.

Although there are a lot of aspects that remain undeveloped in several countries, telecommunications is an up and coming aspect in these societies because the use of cell phones has improved the quality of their lives. Jan Chipchase travels these courtiers and goes to the grass roots to figure out what the people really need, an example of this would be by observing the lifestyle of a poverty stricken family in Mumbai, he sees that they use the roof to hang their cell phone in a plastic bag in case of a flood. So he had an idea to design cell phones with hooks so they can be hung easily. This is just one example of how Jan Chipchase innovated for his company.

** 2. “It’s really quite striking,” Hammond says. “What people are voting for with their pocketbooks, as soon as they have more money and even before their basic needs are met, is telecommunications” (World Resources Institute). In the spirit of this quote, describe four instances of how owning a cell phone enables users to better their lives. (4 paragraphs/ one for each instance) **

The world of telecommunications has shaped our globe in its own vision. It has managed to revolutionize many of the activities we now perform some of them being:

Communication: the very basic and fundamentally core use of a cellular phone is for the practical purposes of communication. It is a device we use to communicate with people across the globe. Telecommunication has managed to transcend through space. We are now able to maintain relationships with people all over the world thanks to the fantastic device know a cellular phone.

Affordability: with all the converging technology that is now available in our cellular phone such as an alarm clock, maps weather, calculator, camera and the list goes on. People now are able to buy just one device that helps then perform all these tasks which in turn ends us saving them a lot of money, as they are not required to buy any additional device. Besides with the boom in the cell phone industry and the availability of a number of competing cellular providers and plans people are able to get these phones at a really great deal. Alost for the poor and under developed countries a lot of the times the discarded phone are refurbished and sold at a nominal charge, this also helps in reducing the amount of waste in the world, which is as added bonus.

Socializing: not only are the cellular phones of today enabled with short messaging services (SMS) multimedia messaging services (MMS), and instant messaging (IM) it is also enabled with a lot of social networks within them such as Facebook, Twitter, Foursquare and so on which allows for more connectivity among people and a much greater social experience.

Accessibility: today most phones are enabled with operations such a PDF readers, GPS, email and so on this enables for a much greater accessibility to it’s users. Also the fact that the cellular phonies now so mobile and we can carry it with us everywhere we go is a boon and a pro in this point.

__**Tutorial #4 Wiki Questions:**__ __**Due January 31, 2011**__

Write six paragraphs, one on each stage of the 'materials economy', and define its interactions. (6 paragraphs/one stage each paragraph)


 * __Response:__**

Materials economy is made up of five stages which include: extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal. The process is linear and one step cannot be accomplished until the previous step is completed. The following is an explanation of each stage as well as a description in how the stages interact with one another.

__**EXTRACTION:**__ Extraction is the very first stage of the material economy. It involves using natural materials/raw materials/natural resources from their source through processes such as deforestation and mining to create products. This causes depletion in the world’s natural resources because more resources are being taken from the earth than what can be replenished and creating a lot of waste and pollution. As stated by Annie Leonard, in the last three decades, people have used one third of the world's entire resources for extraction. The United States alone makes up 5% of the world population but consumes 30% of all available natural resources. At this rate we will have used up more of the world’s natural resources within the last 30 years than anyone has in the world’s history.

__**PRODUCTION:**__ The next stage in the linier material economy is production. In this stage energy and harmful chemical and toxins are combined with the extracted material mentioned above and made into products. Usually people link toxins are effecting just the environment but they are very dangerous to human health as well because of their illness causing properties (e.g. g breathing disorders, cancers and even other neurological disorders). Factory workers who make these products are daily exposed to these chemicals and that will eventually deteriorate their health and well-being. But since they have no choice but to do this work in order to make a living to support their family and survive they are put through this gruelling process.


 * __DISTRIBUTION:__** The distribution process of this linear system is where the manufactured products (from the production stage) are shipped to various markets to reach the end user. These products are usually marked at the lowest price possible so that the products can be quickly sold and the cycle of production can rapidly continue. In order to make more profit, companies aim at externalising cost which means that consumers are not really the ones paying for the products. The real costs are covered by the exploitation of natural resources and oppressed workers. This stage involves many various distribution channels. Usually products are manufactured and then sent to a retailer in which they sell the product to the consumers.

__**CONSUMPTION:**__ Consumption is the most important driving force in the materials economy cycle. It s the 'golden' phase as stated by Annie because this is what fuels the entire system. The consumption process of this “linear system” encourages human beings to continuously purchase commodities at all times. It keeps the cycle of extraction, production, and distribution flowing because the more people buy, the more products must be created to replenish the supply. In North America, only 1% of products are in use six months after their purchase. The implementation of planned and perceived obsolescence ensures that this percentage never increases. Planned obsolescence happens when products are designed to go in the garbage immediately after they are purchased so that consumers will throw it out and buy a new one. Perceived obsolescence occurs when consumers dispose perfectly usable products because they are “out-of-date” or have “lost their value” according to the media, like a fashion trend.

__**DISPOSAL:**__ The last stage of the material economy is the disposal stage in which after a product is produced and consumed, whatever is left over is disposed of. Large holes are dug into the ground and waste is either thrown in directly or burned first and then dumped in the landfill. This process contributes to pollution as well as climate change. Once these products are burned, they release the toxins added during production which combine with other chemicals in the atmosphere to create “super toxins”. In order to avoid dealing with the landfills and pollution, the garbage is sometimes exported to developing countries for disposal so that the consumer country does not have to suffer the consequences of pollution. There are actions in which we can take in order to decrease pollution, one action to take is to continue to recycle items that can be. Recycling does help to reduce garbage creation because it reuses materials. However, this is not a perfect solution because every single material is not 100% recyclable because it is difficult to separate all the different materials. Therefore, these items simply end up being dumped into the ground.

There is an alternative to the material's economy and it focuses on sustaining natural resources through five methods: green chemistry, zero waste, closed loop production, renewable energy and local living economies. Green chemistry is a process whereby chemicals mixed together do not pollute the environment in the first place. The goal of zero waste is to prevent the burning or burying of any products and to reuse all materials so that the environment does not get polluted. Closed loop production tries to change the linear system into a closed loop so that the environment and people remain protected along all stages of the materials economy. Renewable energy sources can be replenished so that the world’s natural resources do not expire. Local living economies are an initiative to protect people within economies from production and pollution so that they can earn a living, support their families, purchase high-quality, waste-free products, and live within a healthy environment.

**__ Tutorial #5 Wiki Question: __** __**Due Feb 7th, 2011**__

** As part of 'Experience Prototyping', body storming has been developed as a method of enquiry for interactive design. Research the definition of 'body storming', and write three paragraphs describing its characteristics. (3 paragraphs) **

**__ Response: __**

Body storming is a technique or method that is used mostly be designers who re looking to make an inclusive design that can be used or implemented by everybody regardless of any disability that anyone may have. It could be categorized under the act of empathy work as it used to design a better experience for those who find the existing methods of doing things challenging or impossible to do.

Body storming can be linked to the more familiar concept of brain storming, as they both are activities that are used to derive unexpected ideas. The difference lies in the fact that a body storming exercise puts a test subject in a physical scenario in which a certain obstacle that might exist for a lot of people needs to be overcome. An example of this that was given in the earlier lab was of the limitations that a person suffering from arthritis has to face on a day-to-day basis. Based on this activity they try to implement designs that would benefit someone in that condition.

The entire process of body storming works in a lot of different phases and methods. The first step would be to observe the situation based on which a plan needs to be made. Which, is subsequently followed by formulating said plan. The second step involved developing the product would be to physically participate in the body storming activity. Finally, after participating in the activity, developers must deliberate and reflect upon the results they acquired in step two so they can develop their plan without problems.

__**Due Feb 14, 2011** __
 * __ Tutorial #6 Wiki Question __**


 * Look over examples of her biomimetic principles applied to products in the slideshow located at [] and write a short, one paragraph synopsis for each of your three favourite product designs. Describe why you like the design in your responses. **


 * __ Response: __**


 * __ Self-Cleaning Paint: __**

This design in based on the principle that is used by leaves in order to keep themselves clean. The basic principle of the design is that it uses the water from the rain to clean itself by removing all the dirt and dust that is on it. This idea was then adopted by a German company to come up with a self-cleaning paint. The design eliminates the need for any harmful cleaning products to be used. The paint is made of a water replant material which means the rain water washes any of the dirt or dust on it.


 * __ Echolocation: __**

The sonar enabled cane is a high tech device created for the vision impaired. The device was also inspired by nature as it uses the same technique that is used by bats in order to locate themselves viz. their surroundings. The cane senses objects are it approaches them and sends a warning to the user via a sound signal. It also sends a warning about the canes location through the handle of the cane. This design is especially helpful as it provides a greater degree of aid to a person who is in dire need of it.


 * __Toxin Free Glue: __**

Columbia Forest Products is a company that manufactures a wide range of wood products. Some of their products include various flooring surfaces, as well as high-end cabinetry and furniture. The company developed an ultra-strong glue to hold such hard woods together by making this glue without toxins. This real world product was inspired by the secretion mussels use to hold onto surfaces underwater. This is a fascinating innovation as it mimics a naturally secreted glue in order to provide humanity with a less toxic alternative. The benefits of this are endless.


 * __ CCT333 Labs 2011 __**

**Tutorial #8 Wiki Question (2 marks):** <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">**Due March 7, 2011**


 * __ Question: __**

**<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how Natalie Jeremijenko has based her research on "new technologies are an opportunity for social transformation" to perform "small actions that can amount to a significant effect to improve local environmental health". **
 * <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tip: Opening up TED's interactive transcript is very helpful to understand her talk and also looking over her web site on the Environmental Health at Clinic at<span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;">[] . (2 paragraphs) **


 * <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Choose two projects on HowStuffisMade at <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;">[] and write about how they are made. (1 paragraph each/2 paragraphs) **


 * <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Why is it important that we understand how stuff is made as part of our systems analysis and design process? (1 paragraph) **

**__<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Response: __**

**<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how Natalie Jeremijenko has based her research on "new technologies are an opportunity for social transformation" to perform "small actions that can amount to a significant effect to improve local environmental health". **

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Natalie Jeremijenko is a researcher based in New York University under the department of Environmental Health Clinic; during her tenure here she worked on the project, “new technologies are an opportunity for social transformations.” What her job entails her to do is to see the problems that are being faced by the environment through various factors, some of them being the release of toxins into the atmosphere and rather than trying to diagnose the impact this had on individuals, she sees its impact on the environment as a whole. She believes that physiological suffering faced by people is not caused by age or bacteria, but rather because of the changes in the environment, and so we can improve on our own health by improving our environment.

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Natalie Jeremijenko’s tries to incorporate her work by bringing forward some social change. An example of this could be seen in her “No Park” initiative in which she suggested that the asphalt be removed and be replaced with a natural landscape. This would enable the toxins in the air to be reduced as the landscape would convert the CO2 in the atmosphere and turn it into oxygen which would be highly beneficial for the environment and the people living in it. She believes in combining people and technology together with natural sources of remedy in order to be able to improve the environment we live in and make for a better future.

**<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Choose two projects on HowStuffisMade at ** **<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; backgroundclip: initial; backgroundorigin: initial; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[] ** **<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">and write about how they are made. (1 paragraph each/2 paragraphs) **

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Two fascinating projects that I found in HowStuffisMade are:


 * <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How fortune cookies are made: **<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">the process that is explained on the website of how a fortune cookie is made is quite simple. The ingredients to make the batter are pretty standard, i.e. sugar, flower, eggs and water. Once the batter is prepared it is poured into a machine which squirts the batter onto griddles in a rotating wheel. The rotating wheel takes the better to be baked and prepared into a cookie in a oven set to about 375 degrees. The paper is placed individually on a tray where the machine puts it onto the cookie and mechanically folds the cookie. It then finally passes through a human inspection process where if the cookie passes the test it is boxed and shipped to it’s destination.


 * <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How gelato is made: **<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">the ingredients for the preparation of a gelato are more or less the same as an ice cream. However, in the preparation of a gelato the necessary ingredients need to be prepared individually before the preparation of the gelato itself. The process with which that’s done is, the mint leaves are torn, raspberries are seeded, and chocolate is melted. The dairy base is poured into the batch freezer along with the flavour ingredients. It is then slowly churned in the freezer until it becomes smooth and dense. Once it becomes smooth and creamy it is removed from the freezer. This process usually takes 15-20 minutes and is then placed into the box to be shipped.

**<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why is it important that we understand how stuff is made as part of our systems analysis and design process? (1 paragraph) **

<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is important to understand how stuff is made because only once we understand how certain design principles are implemented can we discover how to make them better if we were ever to design something like that. Not only that when we are looking to design something different or redesign something we can always look at the innovative ideas used by people in different fields in order to further improve on our designs. This is why I feel it is extremely important to know how things work, and know as much as we can about how different things work. After all they do say, “Knowledge is power.”

**__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">CCT333 Labs 2011 __**

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Tutorial #1 Wiki Question (2 marks): ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Due March 14, 2011 ** **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Questions: ** //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">1. According to the slideshow by Sylvain Cottong, who is an employee at [|http://www.integratedplace.com], describe the tools and methods of 'service design' (2 paragraphs). //

//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2. From your personal experience, what would be a scenario in which these methods would be useful? (2 paragraphs) //

** Response: ** Part 1: According to the slideshow by Sylvain Cottong design is important for the creation of an industry. She is in the belief that anyone can be and is a designer. What design basically stands for is the amalgamation of interaction and product design. This process is used to help develop products that are usable and desireable by the people they are being designed for. The following are the list of tools and methods used in designing: 1. Ethnography 2. Customer Journey map 3. Service Blueprinting 4. Ideation 5. Service Prototyping

Part 2: According to me all these methods that are used are extremely important. We must see what needs of people are there that are not being met by the prevalent technologies and based on that come up with an idea or innovation to meet those needs. There are limited resources that are available to any one of us and it can be a challenging task to come up with an innovation with the resources that are made available to us but if we manage to maximize our resources then we learn to reduce on waste thereby improving our design and creating better products in the world.

CCT333 Labs 2011


 * Tutorial #1 Wiki Question (2 marks):**
 * Due March 21, 2011**

Questions: Write three paragraphs to define the term 'ergonomics'. (3 paragraphs)

What is the 'Gilbreth system of motion analysis' (1 paragraph)

Who was Henry Ford influenced by the efficiency expert, Frederick Taylor? (2 paragraphs)

What are the four basic principles of McDonaldization? (List of 4)

Response:

Q . What are the four basic principles of McDonaldization? (List of 4) 1)　　　　 Efficiency: reaching a specific end rapidly with the least amount of cost or effort. 2)　　　　 Calculability: emphasis placed on quantity rather than quality 3)　　　　 Control: everything is pre-packaged, pre-measured and automatically controlled to a point where the human employee in not required to think but follow the instructions. 4)　　　　 Predictability: structuring the work environment so that surprise and differentness do not influence or affect our sensibilities.

Q . What is the 'Gilbreth system of motion analysis' (1 paragraph) Frank Gilbreth analyzed motion and fatigue applying it to the brick layering trade. Gilbreth observed that while workers were layering bricks, they were unnecessarily stooping, walking and reaching for the bricks which resulted in wasted motions that could easily be prevented. As a result Gilbreth was able to develop a patented product, a non-stooping scaffolding platform that allowed the workers to stack bricks by reaching at a comfortable height in front of them. This new platform increased productivity and workers could now lay more bricks in the standing position as opposed to bending down and picking them up one by one.

Q . Who was Henry Ford influenced by the efficiency expert, Frederick Taylor? (2 paragraphs) Henry Ford is the founder of Ford automobiles. When he started his company he wasn’t too pleased with the rate with which the cars were being produced. He wanted cars to be commercially distributed and affordable by any ordinary man in order for that dream to be made into a reality he needed to optimise on production and so he called on Frederick Taylor to come in and implement some changes to optimize the production of cars.

When Frederick Taylor came to the factory where the ford automobiles were being produced he timed the process with his stop watch. He then made some necessary changes to improve the productivity of the workers. He incorporated the assembly line this ensures that the workers would be specialised with the task which they have in hand. He also suggested increasing the pay of the workers which would have them working more efficiently as it would be an incentive to perform.

Q . Write three paragraphs to define the term 'ergonomics'. (3 paragraphs) Ergonomics is designing equipment that fits various human bodies. Both cognitive as well as physical aspects come under the spectrum of ergonomics. If we are to look at a more literal definition of the word then it simply means the science of work. Ergonomic designs are created to enhance comfort for people. Ergonomic designs consider various human needs and can be modified to fit the needs of people.

Ergonomics as a process is used to simplify our life in places where we might find it sometimes stressful. When sitting at a desk all day, you can easily get cramped up in areas of your body that are feeling tension. This may include your neck and shoulders, having tension here may be from typing on a computer all day. A low chair will strain the back and neck to look up at the monitor or writing on the table. If the office has uncomfortable ergonomics it will result in de-motivation and loss of important work force. The most important business concern of ergonomics is the productivity. Freedom of movement is an important aspect of ergonomic design. If a person is restrained when using a product, he/she would avoid using that product again. Use of natural body movements when using a product can add to more satisfaction and comfort an office chair can lead back and forward for added comfort.

So the purpose is to improve conditions for people. So that they do not feel strained or stressed while working and find the environment and enjoyable one to work in. This in turn will increase the productivity of the workers and would benefit everyone on a whole. Hence ergonomics is an extremely vital process and useful in many situations.